Carrier Phase Ambiguity
Carrier Phase Ambiguity refers to the unknown integer number of full wavelength cycles in the carrier phase measurement of a GNSS signal. This concept is crucial in high-precision GNSS-aided inertial navigation systems (INS/GNSS integration). Since GNSS signals are transmitted as electromagnetic waves, a receiver measures the phase of the signal’s carrier wave to determine distance. […]
Carrier
In inertial navigation, the term carrier generally refers to the moving platform or vehicle on which the inertial navigation system (INS) is mounted. This can include aircraft, ships, submarines, ground vehicles, missiles, or even space vehicles. The INS measures the motion of the carrier using accelerometers and gyroscopes, tracking its position, velocity, and orientation over […]
C/A Code
The C/A Code (Coarse/Acquisition Code) in inertial navigation is a key component of GPS signals, primarily used in the L1 frequency band (1575.42 MHz). It is a pseudo-random noise (PRN) code that enables GPS receivers to determine distance (pseudorange) to satellites, facilitating position, velocity, and timing calculations. While inertial navigation systems (INS) operate independently of […]
BVLOS
BVLOS stands for Beyond Visual Line of Sight, and it refers to a type of operation for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or drones where the operator does not need to maintain direct visual contact with the drone during flight. In BVLOS operations, the drone flies beyond the operator’s visual range, which may be several kilometers […]
BMS
Battery Management System (BMS) is an electronic system designed to monitor, control, and protect rechargeable batteries, ensuring their safe and efficient operation. The BMS plays a crucial role in managing the performance of the battery pack, especially in applications such as electric vehicles (EVs), renewable energy storage, portable devices, and industrial systems. Key functions of […]
Base Station
A Base Station in the context of GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) refers to a fixed, precisely located reference station that receives signals from GNSS satellites and provides corrections to improve the accuracy of positioning data. Base stations play a crucial role in Differential GNSS (DGNSS) and Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) positioning. Here’s how it works: […]
Bias Instability
Bias instability refers to the variation or drift in the output of a sensor or measurement system over time, particularly in inertial measurement units (IMUs) or gyroscopes. It represents the instability or fluctuations in the bias (the offset or error from the true zero value) of the sensor. Essentially, bias instability indicates how much the […]
Azimuth
Azimuth is a term commonly used in navigation, astronomy, and geodesy to refer to the angular measurement of an object’s direction or position relative to a reference direction, usually true north or magnetic north. It is expressed in degrees (°), ranging from 0° to 360°, with 0° representing the direction of true north, 90° representing […]
WGS-84
The coordinate system used by the GPS in the United States is a geodetic coordinate system. Its origin is located at the Earth’s center of mass, with the Z-axis pointing in the direction of the protocol Earth’s pole (CTP) defined by the BIH1984.0 epoch. The X-axis points to the intersection of the zero-degree meridian and […]
Way point
A waypoint is a specific location or point of reference on a route or journey, typically used in navigation systems such as GPS, maritime, or aviation navigation. Waypoints are defined by geographic coordinates (latitude, longitude) and sometimes include additional information like altitude, time, or bearing. They help in guiding the navigation from one place to […]
