RTCM
RTCM (Radio Technical Commission for Maritime Services) is an international standards organization that defines the data format for differential GNSS corrections. In the context of inertial navigation systems (INS), RTCM is used to provide real-time correction data for GNSS receivers, improving positioning accuracy by correcting errors such as atmospheric delays, satellite clock discrepancies, and orbit […]
Radar
Radar (Radio Detection and Ranging) is a technology used in inertial navigation systems (INS) to detect and track objects by using radio waves. In INS, radar is often integrated as an aiding sensor to improve navigation accuracy, especially in environments where GNSS signals are unavailable or unreliable, such as underground, underwater, or dense urban areas. […]
Protocol
In inertial navigation, a protocol refers to a set of rules and standards that define how data is exchanged between different components of a navigation system. This includes how data is transmitted, received, and interpreted by the inertial measurement unit (IMU), GNSS receivers, computers, and other sensors integrated into the system. The protocol ensures compatibility, […]
PPP
PPP (Precise Point Positioning) is a GNSS-based technique used in inertial navigation systems (INS) to achieve high-precision positioning without the need for a base station or differential corrections. PPP relies on precise satellite orbit and clock data, which are typically broadcast from GNSS correction services, to improve positioning accuracy by correcting errors caused by atmospheric […]
PPK
PPK (Post-Processed Kinematic) is a technique used in inertial navigation systems (INS) to enhance the accuracy of positioning by using post-processing of GNSS data. PPK involves the reprocessing of GNSS data after the data has been collected to achieve higher precision than real-time GNSS positioning, which is often affected by noise, multipath errors, and ionospheric […]
PNT
PNT stands for Positioning, Navigation, and Timing, which are the fundamental components of any navigation system, including Inertial Navigation Systems (INS). PNT refers to the determination of position (P), guidance or navigation (N), and the accurate synchronization of time (T). In INS, these elements are essential for tracking movement, estimating position, maintaining orientation, and ensuring […]
Pitch
Pitch in inertial navigation refers to the rotation of a vehicle or object around its lateral axis (side-to-side axis). This movement results in the tilting of the object’s nose up or down. It is one of the three primary angular motion components that define the orientation of an object, along with roll (rotation around the […]
Pinger
A pinger is an acoustic device used in inertial navigation systems (INS), primarily in underwater navigation, such as submarine or underwater vehicle navigation. It emits a continuous or intermittent acoustic signal (often at a specific frequency), which can be detected and used for positioning, ranging, and locating. A pinger is typically used in conjunction with […]
Performance Grade
Performance grade in inertial navigation refers to the level of accuracy and reliability of an Inertial Navigation System (INS), determined by factors like sensor quality, drift rate, noise density, and environmental robustness. It is a measure of how well the INS can maintain its accuracy over time and under different conditions. Performance grades are used […]
Orientation
Orientation in inertial navigation refers to the orientation or attitude of a vehicle or object relative to a fixed reference, usually in terms of roll, pitch, and yaw angles. These angles define the 3D orientation of the object in space. Inertial Navigation Systems (INS) use gyroscopes and accelerometers to measure the changes in orientation as […]
