Pitch
Pitch in inertial navigation refers to the rotation of a vehicle or object around its lateral axis (side-to-side axis). This movement results in the tilting of the object’s nose up or down. It is one of the three primary angular motion components that define the orientation of an object, along with roll (rotation around the […]
Pinger
A pinger is an acoustic device used in inertial navigation systems (INS), primarily in underwater navigation, such as submarine or underwater vehicle navigation. It emits a continuous or intermittent acoustic signal (often at a specific frequency), which can be detected and used for positioning, ranging, and locating. A pinger is typically used in conjunction with […]
Performance Grade
Performance grade in inertial navigation refers to the level of accuracy and reliability of an Inertial Navigation System (INS), determined by factors like sensor quality, drift rate, noise density, and environmental robustness. It is a measure of how well the INS can maintain its accuracy over time and under different conditions. Performance grades are used […]
Orientation
Orientation in inertial navigation refers to the orientation or attitude of a vehicle or object relative to a fixed reference, usually in terms of roll, pitch, and yaw angles. These angles define the 3D orientation of the object in space. Inertial Navigation Systems (INS) use gyroscopes and accelerometers to measure the changes in orientation as […]
Noise Density
Noise density refers to the amount of noise present per unit of measurement (typically per square root of frequency) in the output signal of an inertial sensor, such as a gyroscope or accelerometer. It is often expressed as (°/√h) for gyroscopes or (m/s²/√Hz) for accelerometers. This parameter is used to characterize the inherent noise level […]
Noise
In inertial navigation (INS), noise refers to the random errors or disturbances that affect the accuracy of the measurements taken by the sensors, such as gyroscopes, accelerometers, and magnetometers. These errors are typically caused by sensor limitations, environmental factors, and electronic interference, and can lead to drift and inaccuracies in the navigation data. Types of […]
NMEA
NMEA (National Marine Electronics Association) is a standardized data format used for communication between navigation devices, including GNSS receivers, inertial navigation systems (INS), and maritime electronics. The NMEA 0183 and NMEA 2000 protocols define how navigation data, such as position, speed, heading, and time, is transmitted and shared across different systems. How NMEA is Used […]
Navigation
Navigation is the process of determining and maintaining an object’s position, direction, and movement from one location to another. It is essential in aviation, maritime, military, automotive, and space exploration. Inertial navigation (INS) is a specialized form of navigation that relies on gyroscopes and accelerometers to track movement without external signals. Types of Navigation Inertial […]
Multipath Error
Multipath error in inertial navigation refers to GNSS signal distortion caused by signals reflecting off surfaces (e.g., buildings, water, terrain) before reaching the receiver. This results in incorrect positioning data, affecting the accuracy of GNSS-aided Inertial Navigation Systems (INS), especially in urban environments, forests, and mountainous regions. How Multipath Error Affects INS? Delayed Signal Reception […]
Multi Frequency
Multi-Frequency in inertial navigation refers to the use of multiple GNSS signal frequencies (e.g., L1, L2, L5) to improve positioning accuracy, signal robustness, and anti-interference capability. It enhances GNSS-aided Inertial Navigation Systems (INS), especially in GNSS-denied or challenging environments like urban canyons, forests, and military operations. How Multi-Frequency GNSS Supports INS? Reduces Ionospheric Delay – […]
