Reference Station
A Reference Station refers to a fixed GNSS receiver located at a known, precisely surveyed location. It provides real-time correction data to improve the accuracy of GNSS-based positioning by compensating for errors such as satellite clock drift, ionospheric delays, and tropospheric errors. Reference stations are a key component of RTK (Real-Time Kinematic) and DGPS (Differential […]
Receiver
In inertial navigation systems (INS), a receiver refers to a sensor or device that collects external signals (such as GNSS, radar, LiDAR, or radio signals) to assist in determining the position, velocity, and time (PVT) of the system. The receiver works alongside the IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit) to correct for drift errors and enhance the […]
RTLS
RTLS (Real-Time Location System) is a technology used to determine the real-time position of an object or device within a defined space using positioning sensors. In inertial navigation systems (INS), RTLS typically involves a combination of active and passive sensors, such as RFID, ultrasonic sensors, infrared sensors, radar, or ultra-wideband (UWB) technology, to track and […]
CEP
CEP (Circular Error Probable) is a statistical measure used to describe the precision of a navigation system’s positioning. It represents the radius of a circle within which a system’s position estimate is expected to fall, with a 50% probability. In other words, CEP is a measure of the accuracy of a navigation solution, indicating that […]
RTK
RTK (Real-Time Kinematic) is an advanced GNSS positioning technology used in inertial navigation systems (INS) to achieve high-precision positioning. RTK works by using real-time corrections from a reference station to improve the accuracy of the GNSS signals received by a rover or mobile receiver. The corrections help to eliminate errors caused by atmospheric delays, satellite […]
Random Walk
Random Walk refers to a type of error model commonly observed in inertial navigation systems (INS), where the system’s position, velocity, or other states accumulate random errors over time, leading to a gradual increase in uncertainty. This phenomenon is often associated with sensor noise, particularly in accelerometers and gyroscopes used in INS. It manifests as […]
RTCM
RTCM (Radio Technical Commission for Maritime Services) is an international standards organization that defines the data format for differential GNSS corrections. In the context of inertial navigation systems (INS), RTCM is used to provide real-time correction data for GNSS receivers, improving positioning accuracy by correcting errors such as atmospheric delays, satellite clock discrepancies, and orbit […]
Radar
Radar (Radio Detection and Ranging) is a technology used in inertial navigation systems (INS) to detect and track objects by using radio waves. In INS, radar is often integrated as an aiding sensor to improve navigation accuracy, especially in environments where GNSS signals are unavailable or unreliable, such as underground, underwater, or dense urban areas. […]
Protocol
In inertial navigation, a protocol refers to a set of rules and standards that define how data is exchanged between different components of a navigation system. This includes how data is transmitted, received, and interpreted by the inertial measurement unit (IMU), GNSS receivers, computers, and other sensors integrated into the system. The protocol ensures compatibility, […]
PPP
PPP (Precise Point Positioning) is a GNSS-based technique used in inertial navigation systems (INS) to achieve high-precision positioning without the need for a base station or differential corrections. PPP relies on precise satellite orbit and clock data, which are typically broadcast from GNSS correction services, to improve positioning accuracy by correcting errors caused by atmospheric […]
